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FROM THE DESK OF THE EDITOR   YOU MAKE THE DIAGNOSIS   CLINICAL PEARLS   JOURNAL ABSTRACTS   IN THE NEWS   SPONSOR NEWS
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FROM THE DESK OF THE EDITOR

Last week, a patient called my office asking if he could get a pair of glasses he heard about that could "cure his macular degeneration". I called the patient to discuss with him that no such glasses exist, but we would be happy to examine him again (it had been about 2 years) and see if there was anything further we could offer for his rather advanced AMD. He declined, as he had an outside retinal specialist, and was still happy with the low vision devices he received 2 years ago. He just wanted those damn glasses!! Turns out, he heard about them on Dr. Oz! Now, make no mistake about it, I am not a Dr. Oz fan. I have long felt he offers advice that is misleading at worst, or at best has very little medical basis. I have heard him make several statements about eye care that is simply erroneous. Apparently, I am not alone. There has been recent backlash against his show, and some have suggested he lose his license or at least give up his University appointment due to some of his misleading claims.

LIVE POLL How do you diagnose clinically significant macular edema (CSME) in a diabetic patient? Based on clinical exam only By OCT only Both OCT and clinical exam

A friend told me about an article that compares the medical advice given by Dr. Oz with that of another TV doctor, Doc McStuffins. For those of you who may not have children, the Disney Junior series chronicles a girl who decides she wants to become a doctor like her mother. She pretends to be a doctor by fixing toys and dolls. When she puts on her stethoscope, toys, dolls, and stuffed animals come to life and she can communicate with them. With help from her stuffed animal friends — Stuffy the Dragon, Hallie the Hippo, Lambie the Lamb, and Chilly the Snowman — Doc helps toys "feel better" by giving them check-ups and diagnosing their illnesses.

The article references a study in which researchers watched 5 episodes of each show, Dr. Oz and Doc McStuffins, and evaluated the validity of each medical claim made on the shows. Each individual claim was rated on a scale of 5 ("strongly supported by the literature") to -5 ("directly contra-indicated by the literature") with 0 representing "insufficient data to support or refute the claim". Then the results were tallied, and an average score calculated. With a score of 0.57 to -3.73 DocMcStuffins was the more science-based show of the two.

Obviously, I relate this study in jest (or do I?) but the point is that patients can get bad information from anywhere: the internet, friends, television, magazines or even other Doctors. It is our job to explain the limitations due to our patients conditions, and often explain that not everything they hear is correct, or such a treatment is not indicated in their case. The realty can unfortunately be harsh at times, but we owe it to our patients to be honest and direct, so they understand what they can realistically expect from their vision or condition moving forward. Harsh reality is always better than false hope.

Steven Ferrucci, O.D., F.A.A.O.
Editor in Chief

PRESIDENT'S MESSAGE

When it comes to diagnosing and managing retinal disease, I am truly thankful to be practicing in an era of unparalleled advancement in retinal imaging. Over the last several years, SD OCT, Fundus Autofluorescence and Multispectral Imaging have become critical tools in our arsenal. Continued advancements in digital photography have resulted in amazing photographic capabilities, including improvements in time tested techniques such as angiography.

MARCH 2015 POLL RESULTS

In Europe, OCT instruments are being utilized to perform a version of "dyeless angiography", and the first commercial Swept Source OCT is being marketed. It is hard to conceive of providing high quality patient care without the bells and whistles available to us today. But you know what else I am thankful for? I am thankful that I began practicing BEFORE most of these instruments were available.

I have been out of Optometry School for 22 years, having graduated in 1993. I was fortunate enough to undertake residency training at an Omni referral center in Memphis, then stay there as the center director for six years. Patients from all over the Mid-South were referred to us for consultation, often due to retinal pathology.

In order to evaluate these patients, we had three, maybe four, things at our disposal. We could examine them, we could take a retinal photograph, and we could perform Fluorescein Angiography. In some circumstances, B-scan ultrasonography was useful. No OCT, no Fundus Autofluorescence, no spectral imaging.

We looked at a lot of retinas, and performed a lot of angiograms. But because we did not have the toys that we have today, I had to be good at seeing CME, diabetic CSME, lamellar macular holes, epiretinal membranes, etc. Our observational skills were critical.

We could photograph what we saw for future reference, but as far as learning anything else about what might be going on, relatively invasive Fluorescein Angiography and maybe a B-scan in the right situations were all that we had. We simply had to see the problem.

I am genuinely thankful to have practiced at a time and in a setting where that was the case, and I worry sometimes about the students that I work with every day. They have everything at their fingertips, but will they be able to see?

Brad Sutton, O.D., F.A.A.O.
ORS President

YOU MAKE THE DIAGNOSIS

Answer appears later in newsletter.

JOURNAL ABSTRACTS

Results And Prognostic Factors For Visual Improvement After Pars Plana Vitrectomy For Idiopathic Epiretinal Membrane.

The purpose of this article was to report postoperative visual improvement and prognostic factors of PPV for ERM.

504 eyes of 495 patients were studied from 2003 to 2012 with OCT, BCVA and demographic data. Outcome measures included the proportion of eyes with improvement of BCVA of at least two Snellen lines at 3,6 and 12 months after PPV and prognostic factors for improvement.

At three months post-op, 41.7% of eyes gained at least 2 lines, 34.7% at 6 months and 48.1% at 12 months. Better prognosis at 3 months was reported with poorer pre-op BCVA and pseudophakia.

The investigators suggested that the lower rate of BCVA improvement for phakic patients with good pre-operative BCVA may influence final visual improvement after PPV/ERM peel, and thus may influence the recommendation for surgery.

Song, SJ, Kuriyan A, Smiddy W. Retina. May 2015; 35(5):866-872.

Evolution Of Controlling Diabetic Retinopathy: Changing Trends In The Management Of Diabetic Macular Edema At A Single Institution Over The Past Decade.

The purpose of this paper was to report the evolution of treatment in patients with DME in a clinical setting. This study was a retrospective observational case series of 1,862 patients treated for DME over the last decade. Treatment modalities, VA, and degree of DME on OCT were recorded.

This study found that there was a linear decrease in focal laser use and exponential increase in intravitreal injections for treatment of DME. Clinic visit frequency increased from 3 ± 2 visits per year to 9 ± 2 visits per year. Visual and anatomical improvements were significant over the decade studied, with mean improvement in VA from less than 1 Snellen line early in the study to 2 Snellen lines with current treatment modalities. Decrease in retinal thickness showed similar improvement with a change from 58 ± 59 µm to 162 ± 91 µm.

This studies' management of DME over the last decade evolved by replacement of focal laser therapy with intravitreal injections. The investigators suggested this change produced significant improvement in VA and anatomy in patients with DME, but has increased the frequency of office visits.

Jusufbegovic D, Mugavin M, Schaal S. Retina. May 2015; 35 (5):929-934.

Sustained Elevation Of Intraocular Pressure After Intravitreal Anti-VEGF Agents: What Is The Evidence?

The purpose of this article was to review and analyze past literature regarding elevation of IOP due to intravitreal anti-VEGF injections in patients with wet ARMD.

Studies show that patients may experience sustained and delayed elevation of IOP after intravitreal anti-VEGF treatment. The incidence of sustained IOP elevation varied from 3.45% to 11.6%, with few patients required surgery to control IOP. Proposed risk factors for elevated IOP were extensive, including history of glaucoma, phakia, steroid use and extended treatment duration. Multiple theories explaining the pathogenesis of elevated IOP have been proposed, including microparticle obstruction of the trabecular meshwork, intraocular inflammation and transient elevation of IOP.

The investigators in this study suggested that sustained and delayed IOP elevation after intravitreal anti-VEGF is likely a multifactorial process. They suggested further studies to prospectively investigate sustained elevation of IOP to better understand the long-term effects associated with intravitreal anti-VEGF therapy.

Dedania V, Bakri S. Retina. May 2015; 35(5):841-858.

Correlation Between Fundus Autofluorescence and Central Visual Function in Chronic Central Serous Chorioretinopathy.

This prospective, cross-sectional study investigates possible correlations between the morphologic macular changes revealed by fundus autofluorescence (FAF) and the functional parameters such as visual acuity and retinal sensitivity in patients with chronic central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC).

Forty-six eyes with chronic CSC were studied with FAF and microperimetry (MP) with central 10-degree visual field. Retinal sensitivity value maps were exactly superimposed over FAF images. Mean best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was 20/32 (range 20/20-20/200). BCVA was significantly correlated with FAF findings. A positive concordance between FAF and MP evaluation was also found. The hypo-autofluorescent areas showed decreased retinal sensitivity, while adjacent areas of increased FAF could be associated to both normal and decreased retinal sensitivity. Absolute scotoma, defined as 0 dB retinal sensitivity, corresponded with absence of autofluorescence.

Therefore, altered FAF in chronic CSC patients has a functional correlation quantified by microperimetry. This study confirms the impact of FAF changes on retinal sensitivity and their value to reflect the functional impairment in chronic CSC.

Eandi, Chiara M. et al. American Journal of Ophthalmology, Volume 159, Issue 4, 652-658.e1.

Reticular Pseudodrusen Associated With a Diseased Bruch Membrane in Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum.

Reticular pseudodrusen (RPD) pathophysiology remains incompletely understood. It is frequently associated with Age Related Macular Degeneration but is considered an independent risk factor. This study was conducted to identify the associations of RPD with other diseases that have defined pathophysiologic mechanisms like Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum (PXE). The objective of this study was to describe the phenotype, prevalence, and topographic distribution of RPD in patients with pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE) and their association with a diseased Bruch membrane. The participants of this study were 42 patients with confirmed PXE diagnosis through genetic testing and/or skin biopsy.

RPD were defined as irregular networks of round to oval lesions that appear hyporeflective on near-infrared reflectance, hypoautofluorescent on fundus autofluorescence, and as subretinal deposits on spectral-domain optical coherence tomographic images. The presence of RPD was judged based on characteristic findings in at least 2 of the 3 imaging modalities.

42 patients with PXE, RPD were detected in 22 patients. The study showed the prevalence of RPD was highest in the fifth decade at 67%. The RPD were most frequently located within the superior quadrant and least frequently located within the central macula. The RPD were always located central to areas with peau d'orange and within an area of hypofluorescence on late-phase indocyanine green angiographic images.

The study data suggest that RPD have a high prevalence in eyes of patients with PXE. Although RPD in patients with PXE occur at a younger age, their distribution and phenotype appear to be similar to RPD associated with age-related macular degeneration. The association with diseased Bruch membrane in PXE suggests a pathogenetic role of Bruch membrane alterations for the development of RPD.

Martin Gliem, Doris Hendig, Robert P. Finger et al. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2015;133(5):581-588. doi:10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2015.117.

An Insight Into the Pathogenesis of Optic Disc Pit–Associated Maculopathy With Enhanced Depth Imaging.

The goal of this study was to analyze the morphologic changes seen in the optic disc pit and evaluate the source of subretinal fluid.

Four patients participated in this study and received complete ophthalmic evaluations, with fundus color photography and enhanced depth imaging spectral-domain optical coherence tomography scanning of the optic disc. The optical coherence tomographic section was mapped with infrared image and color photography, and the characteristics of the retina and optic nerve head were analyzed. All the cases had outer layer retinal schisis; 2 of them had associated serous macular detachment while inner retinal schisis was present in 3 cases. A hyporeflective tract was observed in our study connecting the retinal schisis cavity and gap in the lamina cribrosa corresponding to the optic pit.

The study demonstrated the connectivity between retinal schisis and the gap in the lamina cribrosa present in the optic disc pit, supporting the hypothesis of cerebrospinal fluid as the source of subretinal fluid.

Jaitra P. Gowdar, Bindu Rajesh, Anantharaman Giridhar et al. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2015;133(4):466-469. doi:10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2014.6093.

Choroidal Thickness Changes After Photodynamic Therapy and Recurrence of Chronic Central Serous Chorioretinopathy.

This study was conducted to investigate long-term changes in subfoveal choroidal thickness (SCT) after photodynamic therapy (PDT) and their relationship with chronic central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) recurrence.

The study investigated 57 eyes with chronic CSC for two years that were treated with half-dose PDT. There were 2 groups in this study: those with incomplete CSC resolution or subretinal fluid (SRF) recurrence (SRF+) and those with complete SRF absorption without disease recurrence (SRF-). The SCT was measured using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography and relative SCT ratios (follow-up SCT: baseline SCT ratio) were compared between the 2 groups.

Four of 57 eyes had persistent SRF after PDT and 12 of 53 eyes had initial SRF resolution with SRF recurrence. The SRF+ group had a slower reduction in SCT during the first month and a higher relative SCT ratio than the SRF- group throughout follow-up. The relative SCT ratio at 1 month was highly predictive of CSC recurrence.

The study concluded that those with incomplete SRF absorption or SRF recurrence had a slower SCT decline at 1 month and a higher SCT ratio throughout follow-up compared to those without CSC recurrence. The SCT changes may reflect PDT efficacy and help predict long-term recurrence and early treatment outcomes.

Yong-Kyu Kim, Na-Kyung Ryoo, Se Joon Yoo et al. AJO: Published online: April 14, 2015.

Prevalence of Intermediate-Stage Age-Related Macular Degeneration in Patients With Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome.

This cross-sectional study evaluate the prevalence of intermediate-stage age-related macular degeneration (AMD) in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Masked graders evaluated retinal photographs using the Age-Related Eye Disease Study grading system. The study involved 1825 patients with AIDS and no ocular opportunistic infections. Overall, 9.9% had intermediate-stage AMD. Risk factors included age; the prevalence of AMD ranged from 4.0% for participants 30-39 years old to 24.3% for participants ≥60 years old. Other risk factors included the HIV risk groups of injection drug use or heterosexual contact. Compared with the HIV-uninfected population in the Beaver Dam Offspring Study, there was an approximate 4-fold increased age-adjusted prevalence of intermediate-stage AMD.

In conclusion, patients with AIDS have an increased age-adjusted prevalence of intermediate-stage AMD compared with that found in a non-HIV-infected cohort evaluated with similar methods.

Jabs, Douglas A. et al. American Journal of Ophthalmology, Volume 159, Issue 6, 1115-1122.e1.

One-Year Result of Aflibercept Treatment on Age-Related Macular Degeneration and Predictive Factors for Visual Outcome.

This prospective nonrandomized interventional case series studies the efficacy of periodic injection of aflibercept in different subtypes of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) while investigating predictive factors for visual outcome in clinical settings.

The study contained 98 patients: 46 had typical AMD, 42 had polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV), and 10 had retinal angiomatous proliferation (RAP). Patients received injections of aflibercept once a month for 3 months followed by once every 2 months for 8 months.

The logarithm of the minimal angle of resolution (logMAR) at 12 months and improvement of vision from baseline were compared the different AMD subtypes. Mean logMAR improved from 0.36 to 0.21 in 12 months. There was no difference in visual improvement between typical AMD and PCV, however final logMAR was better in PCV (0.32 vs 0.08, P = .016). Follow-up angiography showed regression of polyps in PCV in 69.2% of cases. Multiple regression analysis showed that the presence of external limiting membrane (ELM), smaller greatest linear dimension, and the presence of polypoidal lesion were associated with better visual outcome.

The study concluded that periodic injection of aflibercept is effective for PCV as well as for typical AMD. The statuses of ELM, greatest linear dimension, and polypoidal lesion are predictive for visual outcome.

Oishi, Akio et al. American Journal of Ophthalmology, Volume 159, Issue 5, 853-860.e1.

IN THE NEWS: Special Edition From ARVO

	OSPREY Trial Reports Non-Inferior Results Of RTH258 In Treatment Of Wet AMD Repeat doses of RTH258 may effectively treat neovascular age-related macular degeneration, according to a presentation at the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology annual meeting. Lawrence J. Singerman, MD , and colleagues conducted the OSPREY trial, a randomized, double-masked, active-controlled study of 89 patients with AMD to evaluate the safety and efficacy of repeat doses of 6 mg of RTH258 (Alcon) vs. 2 mg of Eylea (aflibercept, Regeneron) over 56 weeks. In the first part of the study, the two arms had identical dosing of two 8-week treatments. At week 32, the second part of the study included the RTH258 patients being treated every 12 weeks regardless of disease activity. Rescue treatments for both arms were allowed at each monthly visit. After both parts of the study, RTH258-treated patients showed visual acuity gains that were non-inferior to aflibercept, despite a greater number of rescue treatments in the aflibercept arm. Approximately 50% of RTH258 patients were successfully maintained with dosing every 12 weeks. A low rate of adverse events was recorded in both arms. Based on these results, the sponsor has initiated two global phase 3 studies, with the OSPREY trial incorporated into the design, according to the presenter.
	No Systemic Complications Observed With Intravitreal Sirolimus For Noninfectious Uveitis Intravitreal sirolimus does not seem to have any systemic adverse events in the treatment of noninfectious uveitis, according to a poster presented at the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology annual meeting. Daniel Rosberger, MD, and colleagues observed the whole-blood pharmacokinetics of intravitreal sirolimus in 14 patients who took part in the double-masked phase of the SAKURA Study 1. In the 6-month study, three patients received intravitreal sirolimus injections of 44 µg, six received injections of 440 µg, and five received injections of 880 µg at months 0, 2 and 4. After the first injection, sirolimus in the blood increased, reaching a Cmax of 0.337 ng/mL, 1.97 ng/mL and 3.06 ng/mL, at a mean Tmax of 0.69, 1.3 and 4.2 days, for those injected with 44 µg, 440 µg and 880 µg, respectively. By day 30, sirolimus concentrations declined toward the limit of quantitation level, the study said. The mean AUC0-60d was 1.5 ngday/mL, 15 ngday/mL and 30.5 ngday/mL, respectively. The same pattern occurred after month 2 and month 4 injections, with no change in mean Cmax and AUC0-60d between the first and third injections.
	Angio-OCT May Have Utility In Visualizing Choroidal Neovascularization Angio-OCT may be a novel diagnostic technique to image patients with age-related macular degeneration or inflammatory infections, according to a poster presented at the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology annual meeting. Vittoria Ravera, MD, and colleagues evaluated the visibility of choroidal neovascularizations in a comparison of angio-OCT imaging, fluorescein angiography and indocyanine green angiography. Of 20 eyes, 13 displayed occult choroidal neovascularization, four had classic choroidal neovascularization, two presented a combination of occult and classic choroidal neovascularizations, and one had retinal angiomatous proliferation. The choroidal neovascularization complex was visible in 99% of cases with indocyanine green angiography, but precise characterization of the vessels from the lesion was visible in only 30% of eyes. The choroidal neovascularization complex was visible in 100% of eyes with angio-OCT, and there was better identification of the neovascular network, the study said. Imaging was not limited by subretinal fluid or blood, while pigmented epithelium detachment formed mild masking in the images, the study said.
	Ultra-Widefield Imaging Increases Diabetic Retinopathy Detection Ultra-widefield imaging may double diabetic retinopathy detection and referral rates while decreasing the ungradable rate in telemedicine programs, according to a a poster presented at the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology annual meeting.Mark B. Horton, MD, and colleagues evaluated the implementation of ultra-widefield imaging of 456 patients within the Indian Health Service ocular telehealth program in comparison to 7,460 subjects imaged with the current standard of non-mydriatic multi-field fundus photography. Ultra-widefield imaging reduced the ungradable image rate by 85% to less than 5% per eye and by 92% to 2.1% per patient. Diabetic retinopathy identification increased from 12% to 23%, and referable diabetic retinopathy more than doubled from 6% to 14%. Identification of peripheral lesions suggested more severe diabetic retinopathy severity in 20% of patients.
	Multicolor Confocal Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscopy May Effectively Detect Retinal Pathologies Multicolor confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy may be combined with spectral-domain OCT to detect subretinal, intraretinal and epiretinal pathology, according to a poster presented at the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology annual meeting. Henry Feng, MD, and colleagues discussed a retrospective review of 159 consecutive eyes that underwent multicolor confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (cSLO) with SD-OCT (Spectralis, Heidelberg) in a single session. Multicolor reflectance showed positive percent agreement that was equal to or greater than infrared, green and blue reflectance images in detecting choroidal lesions, chorioretinal scars, peripapillary atrophy, drusen and pigment epithelial detachment. It also demonstrated the highest positive percent agreement for intraretinal and subretinal hemorrhage. Retinal pigment epithelial atrophy was most effectively detected in infrared reflectance. Epiretinal membrane was equally detected on green, blue, and multicolor reflectance but least detected in infrared reflectance. Imaging artifacts were found in 23.3% of eyes, and the study authors intend to characterize further clinical findings in reference to the new technology, Feng said.
	Interim Results Of INJECT Study Show Real-World Jetrea Experience The long-term effects of Jetrea may be as safe and effective as those seen in registration trials, according to a poster presented at the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology annual meeting. Peter Stalmans, MD, PhD, and colleagues discussed the non-interventional, multicenter, prospective INJECT study of 105 patients with vitreomacular traction (VMT) treated with Jetrea (ocriplasmin, ThromboGenics). Of the 105 patients, 64 had VMT only and 41 had VMT plus macular hole. Ocriplasmin was ineffective in eight patients; seven patients had vitreous floaters, seven patients had photopsia, and five patients had reduced visual acuity.
	Humira Extends Time To Treatment Failure In Noninfectious Uveitis Humira met its primary endpoint of extending the time to treatment failure in patients with noninfectious uveitis who still experienced intraocular inflammation despite systemic corticosteroid therapy, manufacturer AbbVie announced in a press release at the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology meeting in Denver. The VISUAL-I study, a phase 3 multicenter, double masked.randomized, placebo-controlled study, included 217 patients with active intermediate uveitis, posterior uveitis or panuveitis while on corticosteroid therapy. Of the 217 patients, 110 were treated with Humira (adalimumab) and 107 received placebo. Patients in the Humira group received an 80-mg loading dose and subsequent 40-mg subcutaneous injections every 2 weeks for up to 80 weeks. All patients received an initial 60-mg dose of prednisone and subsequent tapering over 15 weeks. The primary endpoint was time to treatment failure, defined as one or more of the following in at least one eye, according to the release: new active, inflammatory chorioretinal or vascular lesions; inability to attain an anterior cell grade of 0.5+ or less at 6 weeks, or a two-step increase relative to best state achieved after 6 weeks; inability to attain a vitreous haze score of 0.5+ or less at 6 weeks, or a two-step increase relative to best state achieved; a decrease in best corrected visual acuity of at least 15 letters relative to the best state achieved. Patients in the Humira group were significantly less likely to experience treatment failure than those in the placebo group (P < .001). Median time to treatment failure was extended to 5.6 months in the Humira group. The rates of adverse events were 1,047 events per 100 patient-years in the Humira group and 965 events per 100 patient-years in the placebo group. Rates of serious adverse events were 29 events per 100 patient-years in the Humira group and 13 events per 100 patient-years in the placebo group. Humira is a tumor necrosis factor blocker whose current therapeutic indications are for moderate to severe rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, moderate to severe plaque psoriasis, active and progressive psoriatic arthritis, moderate to severely active Crohn's disease and moderate to severely active ulcerative colitis.

MEET THE FELLOWS

In each issue, a Fellow of the Optometric Retinal Society is highlighted. In this issue, Dr. Aaron Gold, the newest ORS fellow, will be highlighted.

After receiving a bachelor's of science degree in Microbiology and Cell Science from the University of Florida and a bachelor's of science degree in Vision Science from Nova Southeastern University, Dr. Gold earned his Doctor of Optometry degree from Nova Southeastern University. He then worked and taught within the ocular oncology clinic at the world-renowned Bascom Palmer Eye Institute for several years, where he was involved in mentoring optometric students and residents. Currently Dr. Gold is the director of optometric services at Murray Ocular Oncology & Retina, the largest private ocular oncology practice in the southeastern United States. In addition to becoming a fellow in the Optometric Retina Society, Dr. Gold is a fellow of the American Academy of Optometry, and a member of the American Optometric Association, the Florida Optometric Association, the Broward County Optometric Association, and the Miami-Dade Optometric Physicians Association. Additionally, Dr. Gold has authored multiple peer-reviewed articles and posters in the field of ocular oncology and vitreo-retinal diseases, is a peer reviewer for multiple academic journals, and continues to mentor optometric students and residents.

Aaron currently lives in the heart of downtown Miami, and in his spare time he enjoys exploring all the different sights, sounds, and food that the city has to offer.

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